What color should a person’s bile be normally? photo

Choose three correct answers out of six and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.

What functions does bile perform in the human body?

1) disinfects toxic substances

2) activates pancreatic juice enzymes

3) crushes fats into small drops, increasing the area of ​​contact with enzymes

4) contains enzymes that break down fats, carbohydrates and proteins

5) stimulates intestinal motility

6) provides water absorption

2) activates pancreatic juice enzymes

3) crushes fats into small drops, increasing the area of ​​contact with enzymes

5) stimulates intestinal motility

Bile is a yellow, brownish or green liquid with a pronounced bitter taste and characteristic odor. It is secreted by liver cells and accumulates in the cavity of the gallbladder. The secretion process is carried out by hepatocytes, which are liver cells.

— Together with gastric juice, bile neutralizes the acidic chyme (food bolus) coming from the stomach. During the neutralization process, a reaction occurs between carbonates and HCI, releasing carbon dioxide. As a result, the chyme loosens, which facilitates the digestion process.

– Emulsify fats, while dividing them into small particles. Bile is involved in the digestion of fats. Due to the action of bile acids in combination with fatty acids and monoacylglycerols, fats are emulsified (mixed with water), after which lipase can act on them.

– Bile helps reduce surface tension, which prevents fat droplets from draining.

– The secretion influences the formation of individual particles (micelles) adapted to absorption.

– One of the functions of bile is the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, K, E).

– Enzymes that make up the secretion activate intestinal peristalsis

.

– Bile stops the action of gastric juice in the small intestine by inactivating pepsin.

– Normalizes intestinal microflora, providing bactericidal and bacteriostatic effects. Prevents putrefactive processes.

– Has an excretory function for substances that the kidneys are not able to filter (cholesterol, bilirubin, glutathione, steroids, metals, some drugs), excreting them from the body with feces. In this case, cholesterol is excreted from the body only with bile. Excretion of 1-2 g is possible per day.

Another serious function is the presence of destroyed red blood cells.

Functions of the gallbladder in the human body

Have you been struggling with LIVER PAIN for many years without success?

Head of the Institute of Liver Diseases: “You will be amazed at how easy it is to heal your liver just by taking it every day.

It would seem, why does a person need a gallbladder? After all, bile can also come from the liver, because it is there that it is constantly produced. But if you look at it, it turns out that everything is not so simple.

In order to understand why we need it, we also need to know how the gallbladder works.

General information about the gallbladder

It is a hollow organ shaped like a small sac. It can be either completely empty (after the release of a portion of bile into the intestines) or full. As a result, depending on the degree of filling, this organ can have either a pear-shaped or cylindrical, or a round shape. It is located, like the liver, in the right hypochondrium.

The gallbladder consists of a neck, body and fundus. The cystic duct emerges directly from its neck, which, connecting with the hepatic duct, forms the common bile duct. Also in the extrahepatic biliary tract there are two sphincters, or valves, which are responsible for regulating the flow of bile directly into the gallbladder and intestines.

Functions of the gallbladder

In the human body, this organ performs several functions:

• Collects bile;
• Condenses and preserves it;
• Helps remove bile into the lumen of the small intestine;
• Protects the human body from the irritating effects of components.

A normal liver produces bile around the clock, resulting in the need for a reservoir to store it until needed. The gallbladder is such a reservoir. But the liver produces a lot of this secretion - from 1 to 2 liters, and the capacity of the gallbladder is tens of times less - only 50-80 ml. How to fit this volume into such a small organ? It’s very simple - water and some substances used in other processes are removed from bile under the influence of various enzymes. Simply put, its concentration occurs.

The volume of bile secreted by the bladder depends on the quantity and nutritional properties of food entering the stomach.

The bubble begins to contract within a few minutes after the food passes the esophagus. The more fatty the food eaten, the stronger the contraction, and the more gallbladder bile enters the small intestine. It is this type of concentrated bile that stimulates the peristalsis of the duodenum, helping the body thoroughly digest heavy foods. It takes approximately 2 hours from food entering the stomach to its passage into the first section of the small intestine.

Bile formation

Bile is produced in the largest gland in the human body - the liver. It weighs approximately 1500 grams. The main function of this organ is to produce bile, which is continuously produced in its cells. The organ is pierced by tiny capillaries, which merge into the bile ducts; they gradually enlarge and turn into two large ducts, and then form the common hepatic duct.

The path of the bitter liquid from the liver to the duodenum lies through the gallbladder, which connects to the bile duct. The gallbladder is a kind of reservoir for its accumulation. This organ is very elastic, capable of stretching and contracting.

When eating food, the amount of bile that the liver regularly produces becomes insufficient, therefore, thanks to the reflex contraction of the gallbladder, it enters the duodenum in the required volume and the food is digested normally.

There are two types of bitter liquid:

During a meal, liver bile immediately enters the intestines and appears yellow-green. If the intestines are empty, then it accumulates in the gallbladder and then becomes concentrated, since the walls of the organ absorb water, so it becomes darker in color.

The human body produces about one liter of bile per day. It includes:

They are very important for digestion; disruption of its composition has a bad effect on the functioning of organs. In the duodenum, bile acts on the food porridge, helping it break down. But final digestion and absorption occurs in the small intestine.

It is important to note that alcohol can change the composition of bile, the content of bile acids in it drops sharply, because of this, food is poorly digested. This is why people who abuse alcohol often complain of digestive problems. They periodically experience abdominal pain, suffer from either diarrhea or constipation.

Composition of human bile [edit | edit code]

The main component of bile is bile acids (67% if we exclude water from consideration). Half are primary bile acids: cholic and chenodeoxycholic, the rest are secondary: deoxycholic, lithocholic, allocholic and ursodeoxycholic acids.

All bile acids are derivatives of cholanic acid. Primary bile acids are formed in hepatocytes - chenodeoxycholic and cholic. After the release of bile into the intestine under the action of microbial enzymes, secondary bile acids are obtained from primary bile acids. They are absorbed in the intestine, enter the liver with the blood of the portal vein, and then into the bile.

Bile acids in bile are in the form of conjugates (compounds) with glycine and taurine: glycocholic, glycochenodeoxycholic, taurocholic and other so-called paired acids

.
Bile contains significant amounts of sodium and potassium ions, causing it to be alkaline, and bile acids and their conjugates are sometimes referred to as “bile salts.” Content of some organic substances in hepatic and bladder bile
[5]

3,0

22% of bile is phospholipids. In addition, bile contains proteins (immunoglobulins A and M) - 4.5%, cholesterol - 4%, bilirubin - 0.3%, mucus, organic anions (glutathione and plant steroids), metals (copper, zinc, lead, indium, magnesium, mercury and others), lipophilic xenobiotics. [6]

Ion content in hepatic and bladder bile
[5]

90

What is bile – a symptom of a disease or a mental quality?

This question has interested many philosophers and doctors since ancient times. On the one hand, bile, as a personality trait, often accompanies certain diseases. But on the other hand, there is no clarity about the moment of its origin. Is this quality the result of an illness, or does deterioration in health only contribute to the manifestation of traits that are already inherent in a person, but are not constantly demonstrated by him? Neither psychologists nor philosophers have clear answers to these questions.

But every person has probably had to deal with manifestations of bile in life or experience them himself, without having any health difficulties. Accordingly, this character trait can be present as an independent personal quality, or manifest itself for a short time under the influence of life circumstances or progressive diseases.

Functions [edit | edit code]

Bile performs a whole range of diverse functions, most of which are related to digestion, ensuring the change from gastric digestion to intestinal digestion, eliminating the effect of pepsin, which is dangerous for pancreatic enzymes, and creating favorable conditions for them.

Bile acids contained in bile emulsify fats and participate in micellization, activate the motility of the small intestine, stimulate the production of mucus and gastrointensinal hormones: cholecystokinin and secretin, prevent the adhesion of bacteria and protein aggregates due to interaction with epithelial cells of the biliary tract [7].

Bile is also involved in the excretory function. Cholesterol, bilirubin and a number of other substances cannot be filtered by the kidneys and are excreted from the body through bile. 70% of the cholesterol found in bile is excreted in feces (30% is reabsorbed by the intestines), bilirubin, as well as the metals, steroids, and glutathione listed in the section on the composition of bile [6].

Bile activates kinaseogen, converting it into enteropeptidase, which in turn activates trypsinogen, converting it into trypsin, that is, it activates the enzymes necessary for the digestion of proteins.

Pathologies [edit | edit code]

Gallstones [ edit | edit code]

Bile unbalanced in composition (so-called lithogenic bile

) may cause the prolapse of some gallstones in the liver, gallbladder, or bile duct. The lithogenic properties of bile can arise as a result of an unbalanced diet with a predominance of animal fats to the detriment of plant fats; neuroendocrine disorders; disorders of fat metabolism with weight gain; infectious or toxic liver damage; physical inactivity. [8]

Steatorrhea [edit | edit code]

In the absence of bile (or lack of bile acids in it), fats cease to be absorbed and are excreted in feces, which instead of the usual brown color become white or gray with a fatty consistency. This condition is called steatorrhea, its consequence is the lack of essential fatty acids, fats and vitamins in the body, as well as pathologies of the lower intestines, which are not adapted to the chyme so saturated with undigested fats.

Reflux gastritis and GERD [edit | edit code]

In pathological duodenogastric and duodenogastroesophageal refluxes, bile in the refluxate enters the stomach and esophagus in noticeable quantities. Long-term exposure to bile acids contained in bile on the gastric mucosa causes dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in the surface epithelium of the stomach and leads to a condition called reflux gastritis. [9] Conjugated bile acids, and, first of all, conjugates with taurine, have a significant damaging effect on the esophageal mucosa at an acidic pH in the esophageal cavity. Unconjugated bile acids, present in the upper digestive tract, mainly in ionized forms, penetrate more easily through the mucous membrane of the esophagus and, as a result, are more toxic at neutral and slightly alkaline pH. Thus, bile entering the esophagus can cause different types of gastroesophageal reflux disease. [10] [11]

How do such people behave?

A bilious person shows his character in different ways. However, regardless of what emotional signs predominate in communication, it invariably leaves a negative aftertaste.

As a rule, in conversations, people with this character trait are excessively sarcastic. They are able to question and even vulgarize absolutely any phenomenon, event, desire or action. Even the thoughts expressed in conversations with such people are “turned inside out.”

But in addition to this manifestation of personal qualities, a bilious person is one who, in principle, does not allow the presence of anything good in the world. Such people feel comfortable only when everyone around them is miserable and miserable. These people are dissatisfied with absolutely everything; it is simply impossible to please them with a gift. The first thing such a person sees is flaws or hidden subtext, background.

Bile research [edit | edit code]

To study bile, the method of fractional (multi-stage) duodenal intubation is used. There are five phases during the procedure:

1. Basal secretion of bile, during which the contents of the duodenum and common bile duct are released. Duration 10 - 15 minutes.
2. Closed sphincter of Oddi. Duration 3 - 6 minutes.
3. Bile discharge portion A. Duration 3 - 5 minutes. During this time, 3 to 5 ml of light brown bile is secreted. It begins with the opening of the sphincter of Oddi and ends with the opening of the sphincter of Lutkens. During phases I and III, bile is secreted at a rate of 1 - 2 ml/min.
4. Discharge of gallbladder bile. Portion B. Begins with the opening of the Lutkens sphincter and emptying of the gallbladder, which is accompanied by the appearance of dark olive bile (portion B), and ends with the appearance of amber-yellow bile (portion C). Duration 20 - 30 minutes.
5. Hepatic bile secretion. Portion C. The phase begins from the moment the secretion of dark olive bile ceases. Duration 10 - 20 minutes. Serving volume 10 - 30 ml. [12]

Normal bile levels are as follows:

• Basal bile (phases I and III, portion A) should be transparent, have a light straw color, density 1007-1015, and be slightly alkaline.
• Cystic bile (phase IV, portion B) should be transparent, have a dark olive color, density 1016-1035, acidity - 6.5-7.5 pH.
• Liver bile (phase V, portion C) should be transparent, golden in color, density 1007-1011, acidity - 7.5-8.2 pH. [12]

The course of bile when probing the ducts

Duodenal sounding helps:

• establish the composition of bile, the ratio of its components;
• diagnose diseases of the biliary tract.

Probing is also used during treatment. Some pathologies, for example, blocking of the ducts by tumors, require the search for workarounds for liver secretions. She is launched along artificial probes, carrying out the operation of their installation.

Probes can be brought out. This makes it possible to calculate the volume of secretion produced and evaluate its quality. There are also hidden probes. These are established as a temporary measure to alleviate the condition of terminally ill patients.

We recommend reading:

Source: pechen1.ru

Effects on bile [edit | edit code]

In medicine, choleretics are used to increase the concentration of bile acids in bile. To stimulate the contractile function of the gallbladder, choleretic drugs are used (for example, herbs such as string, arnica, parsley, rose hips, wormwood). To change the composition of bile acids in bile towards potentially less toxic bile acids, preparations made on the basis of ursodeoxycholic or chenodeoxycholic bile acids are used.